The application of machine learning techniques for constructing automated Test oracles has been successful in recent years. However, existing machine learning based oracles are characterized by a number of de ciencies when applied to software systems with low observability, such as embedded software, cyber-physical systems, multimedia software programs, and computer games. This paper proposes a new black box approach to construct automated oracles that can be applied to software systems with low observability. The proposed approach employs an Arti cial Neural Network algorithm that uses input values and corresponding pass/fail outcomes of the program under Test as the training set. To evaluate the performance of the proposed approach, extensive experiments were carried out on several benchmarks. The results manifest the applicability of the proposed approach to software systems with low observability and its higher accuracy than a well-known machine learning based method. This study also assessed the e ect of di erent parameters on the accuracy of the proposed approach.

This article attempted to investigate the notion of identity. It is a study of the temporal and spatial possibility of fashioning Canadian identity in a postcolonial context. Literature, novel in particular, has always been an appropriate text for such an investigation. Therefore, Margaret Atwood’s third novel, Lady oracle, (1976) is examined here. Atwood, the most recognized Canadian writer in the world of literature publicly and academically, wrote this novel when the question of identity was not only the current problem of Canadian writers and scholars but also the main concern of Canadian government and people. Like her first two novels, Lady oracle also questions Canadian identity as a borderline case between apparently dominant British and American identities on the one hand, and as an independently voiced one in the world on the other. Following the main character’s textual footprints from her abandonment, concealment, and multiple identities to her revelation and unified identity, the study revisits one of the ways of fashioning identity in general and Canadian identity in particular.

The historicity theory of oracle considers Qur'an as a historical fact that is tied to the capacity and awareness of the audience of the age of emergence and is subject to the social and cultural conditions of that period. Those who believe in the age of emergence, with an emphasis on the interaction of oracle with various requirements of the age of emergence, deny the immediate descent of Quran and reject the comprehensiveness of its propositions and its being beyond time and place. The prophetic experience is one of the major theories in this field. Providing explanations for this theory, Dr. Soroush claims that the prophetic experience is a theory rooted in the thinking of the Islamic world, and has received a great deal of attention from Farabi to Ibn Sina, Khawja and Mulla Sadra. In relation to the claim of the rooted theory of the Prophetic experience, regardless of the fallacy in the two implied concepts and the power of imagination, the examination confirms that the rooted theory claim is not at least true of Mulla Sadra’ s thought system. Because Mulla Sadra explains the details of oracle by neglecting the function of imagination in transforming the inspirational thinking into senses and details. He also explains the details of oracle based on matching the trilogy of existential realms and invoking the intuition of the two modes of the common sense and the imagination of the Prophet from the disconnected world of fantasy. Also, Sadr al-Mota'alehin, according to his own philosophical foundations, believes that because the Prophet, as an innocent person, received oracle in its ultimate clarity, lucidity and predication, he thus does not need any possible manipulation of the sensual powers.

Producion of efficient antimicrobial drugs against to common human pathogens is one of the most important challenges in the field of medical microbiology. Continuous screening of clinical isolates and survey of antimicrobial resistance pattern is critical.Today, disk diffusion and dilution methods are known as the common antimicrobial susceptibility Testing methods. Disk diffusion method does not render dependable results in determination of antimicrobial susceptibility pattern because this method is semi quantitative. MIC determination by microdilution and macrodilution techniques and recent method “E-Test”, have given interpretable results to researchers. Microdilution and macrodilution methods are also time consuming, expensive and error- prone methods. Whereas E-Test method is one of the means by which we will be able to determine susceptibility pattern of known species in low cost and short time. In this survey, constructing and printing of E-Test, coating of antibiotic on O.H.P film and quality control of constructed E-Tests were performed according to M7 A7 CLSI Standard. In this study quality of required materials for E-Test Production were suitable. Evaluation of constructed strips was performed using standard strain of staphylococcus aureus and reproducibly of results was appreciated.

Contact dermatitis is an inflammatory skin disease due to contact with different substances and caused by two mechanisms: allergy and irritation. Contact dermatitis is a common skin disease and the most common occupational dermatosis. Differentiating between allergic and irritant contact dermatitis is essential in the identification of etiologic factor(s) and hence, its control and prognosis. This differentiation can be done only by patch Test. Unfortunately, this simple, safe and useful Test is always neglected. We review the basics of patch Test, the method of performance, reading and interpretation of its results, possible side effects and results of studies done with patch Test in different countries.

The present study investigated varieties of C-Test as measures of General Language proficiency (GLP). C-Test was first introduced into language Testing as a modification of close procedure. The original C-Test was developed by mutilating the second half of every other word, beginning from word two ID sentence two of [l passage. Through various studies, C-Test proved an integrative and a highly reliable and valid measure of (GLP. The present study was also aimed at further confirming those findings by investigating not only the original C-Test but other varietis of C-Test. To this end ten C-Test versions were developed, by applying different deletion techniques and deletion rates, and were administered among nearly 500 senior EFL students, in the way that each form was given to almost 50 subjects. All the subjects had already taken a TOEFL. and a close Test prior to the administration of the C-Tests. The results of data analyses showed that C:-Test may measure different things one of which might be general language proficiency and as such, not all varieties of C-Test measure this construct to the same extent.